Ko te huka tētahi o ngā kai e kainga whānuitia ana i te ao, ko te nuinga i ahu mai i te tō me te pīti huka. He tukanga uaua te whakaputa huka kounga teitei, e uru ana ki ngā wāhanga maha: te tango, te whakamārama, te mimiti, te whakatio me te whakamahine. I ia wāhanga o te tukatuka huka, me tino whakahaere te kounga me te parakore o te wai huka. Ko ngā poke taiao, pērā i ngā matūriki colloidal, ngā pūmua, ngā tae me ngā moroiti, ka pā kino ki te whai huatanga o te whakamārama, te tātari me te whakatio.
He mea nui te mahi a ngā matū i roto i ngā tukanga hanga huka o ēnei rā. Ki te kore he whakahaere matū tika, ka taea e ēnei poke te whakapūtā, te raruraru tae me te ngaronga o te hua. Ehara i te mea ka whakarei ake ngā matū hanga huka i te whai huatanga me te putanga anake, engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te kounga o te hua, ka whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao, ā, ka āwhina i ngā wheketere ki te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa tiaki taiao. Ka taea e ēnei matū te:
- Whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakamārama me te pānga wehenga totoka-wai.
- Ārai i te tipu o ngā moroiti i roto i te wai hua me te tirikara.
- Whakarei ake i te pānga tango tae o te huka kirikiri ma tino parakore.
- Whakahaerehia te hanganga o te pahuka me te tauine i roto i te mīhini whakapūkara me te mīhini whakapūkara korehau.
Hei tauira, ka whakamahia te tō hei whakarāpopototanga whānui o te tukanga hanga huka i roto i tēnei tuhinga. I whakamāramahia hoki te whakamahinga o ngā matū rerekē - ngā mea whakapūpū, ngā mea patu huakita, ngā mea tango tae me ngā mea whakakore huka - i ia wāhanga hei whakarite kia maeneene te mahi me te kounga teitei o te hanga huka.
Te Tukanga Hanga Huka me te Whakamahinga o ngā Matū
Te Whakarite Rauemi Mata
Ka tīmata te hanga huka mā te hauhake me te whakarite i ngā rauemi mata. Ka horoia te tō, ka tapatapahia kia tangohia te oneone, ngā kōhatu me ngā rau. I tēnei wā, ki te waiho te wai kia tū mō te wā roa, ka tīmata te whakaputa uri moroiti. Hei whakaiti i te kawenga moroiti ki runga i te mata o ngā rauemi mata, hei ārai i te poke, i te pirau rānei o te wai huka i te wā o te tukanga whakapūkara, ka pania ētahi rongoā patu huakita ki te mata o te tō, te wai rokiroki, ngā taputapu horoi rānei.
| Momo Paturopi | Te Kukū i Manakohia | Tikanga Tono | Ngā Mahi Matua | Ngā Whakatūpato | Ngā Painga |
| Te konutai haukōroiti (NaClO) | 50–200 ppm te haukini kore utu | Te rehu, te rumaki rānei i te mata o te tō mō te 5–10 meneti | Te whakahoromata whānui-whānui, te whakaiti i te kawenga moroiti | Te whakahaere i te kukū (ko te tikanga he 50–200 ppm te haukini kore utu). Āraia te nui rawa o te haukini e toe ana i roto i te wai hei ārai i ngā raruraru tae, i te whakatiotanga rānei. Horoia, tātarihia rānei i muri i te whakamahinga mēnā e tika ana. | Te whakahoromata whānui; te utu iti. |
| Konutai Dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC) | 50–150 ppm te haukini kore utu | Te rehu, te rumaki rānei i te mata o te tō mō te 5–10 meneti | Te pumau teitei, te kaha o te whai huatanga o te whakahoromata | Whakahaerehia te whakamahi i te hauota kore utu kia kore ai e pā ki te tioata me te tae o te wai. | He pumau ake i te konutai hypochlorite; he tino whai hua; he toenga chlorine kua whakahaeretia; he whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā taiao tukatuka kai. |
| Te Hauwai Peroxide (H₂O₂) | 0.1%–0.5% | Tāpirihia ki te wai horoi, ki te rehu mata rānei | Te whakahoromata, kāore he toenga, he hoa taiao | Te kukū whakahaere; ko te tikanga 0.1–0.5% mō te maimoatanga mata. Kia tūpato te whakahaere i te wā e whakamahia ana. | Ka pirau, kāore he toenga; he haumaru, he pai hoki mō te taiao. |
| Wai Wera / Kohu | Wai wera i te 80–90°C, mamaoa rānei i te 100°C | Te horoi ki te wai wera, ki te wai korohū rānei mō te 2–5 meneti | Te whakahoromata me te kore he tāpiri matū | He nui te whakapaunga pūngao; me whai taputapu tika; kia mau ki ngā mahi whakatūpato haumaru. | Kāore he tāpiringa matū; ka whakaiti i ngā toenga matū. |
| Te Horoi i te Wai mō ngā Whare/Tāone | SDIC, 50–100 ppm | Te horoi i ngā taputapu, ngā waka kawe | Ārai i te poke tuarua | Whakakapia me te aroturuki i te kukū o te hauwai kore utu i ia wā. | — |
Te Mahi i Manakohia
Ina uru te tō ki te wheketere, ka horoia tuatahitia ki te wai ma hei tango i te paru me ngā poke.
Kātahi ka mahia te patu huakita o te mata mā te rehu i te SDIC iti-kukū, te konutai hypochlorite rānei, e ai ki ngā āhuatanga.
Me horoi auau hoki ngā puna wai me ngā taputapu horoi o te wheketere huka kia noho akuaku ai te taiao.
Te Tango Wai
Whai muri i te taahiraa tuatahi o te horoi me te patu huakita. Ko te taahiraa e whai ake nei ko te tango i te wai o te tō. Ko te tikanga ka tangohia te wai mā te pēhi ā-ringa, mā te pūnaha tohatoha rānei. Ko tēnei taahiraa ko te wawahi i te hanganga mārō o te tō, me te tango i te wai mai i roto.
I te nuinga o te wā, e toru ngā mira hurihuri o te mīhini wai huka, me te tapatapahi, me ngā mata hurihuri rānei. I muri i te tukatuka i te huka i runga i tētahi whitiki kawe, ka haria ki tētahi atu whitiki kawe hei tango i te wai. Heoi, i mua i te kawe, ka tauhiuhia te wai ki te tuatahi hei tango i te wai. Ko te toenga i mahue i muri i te wai ka kiia ko te bagasse.
Kei roto i te wai ngā poke wairewa me ngā poke i tārewahia, tae atu ki ngā muka tipu, ngā pūmua, tae atu ki ngā matūriki oneone kua horoia rawatia. Me tukatuka ēnei poke kia pai ake ai te whai huatanga o te whakamārama me te whakatiotanga i muri mai.
Te Whakamārama i te Wai Tō
Ko te whakamārama i te wai te taahiraa tino nui i te tīmatanga o te tukanga hanga huka. Ko te whāinga he tango i ngā poke (pēnei i te oneone, te pūmua, te kōroiti, te waikawa waro, me ētahi atu) mai i te wai tō, me te whakapai ake i tōna parakore. Ko te tikanga whānui, ka whakamahia te Tukanga Raima, me te tikanga whakapūngao phosphorus, te tikanga waro rānei.
Te whakamahinga matū
Raima (CaO)/wairakau raima (Ca(OH)2) : Ka whakakore i ngā matū waikawa, ka whakapūpū hoki i ngā poke.
Hauhā waro (CO2) (e whakamahia ana i roto i te tikanga whakawaro): Ka tauhohe ki te raima hei hanga i te matūriki konupūmā waro, ka mimiti i ngā poke.
Āwhina whakapūkara/whakakōkī: Ka āwhina i ngā totoka kua whakatārewatia kia tere te noho.
Ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana: Polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polyacrylamide (PAM), me ētahi atu.
Whāriki (SO2) te konutai whanariki rānei: He mahi tāna ki te whakamā, ki te tango tae me te whakahoromata i te whakamānutanga o te whākawa.
Te Tātari me te Whakamahana i mua
I muri i te whakamāramatanga, me tātari te wai hei tango i te paru. He mea nui te whakamahana i te wai i mua i te mimiti, nā te mea ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te matotoru o te wai, ā, ka ārai hoki i te tipu o ngā moroiti.
Te Whakamātao me te Kukū
Kātahi ka whakatōkia te wai hua ki roto i te tirikara mā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini whakamomona maha-pānga, ka whakaitihia te nui o te makuku mai i te 85% ki te 30-40%. Ka āwhina te whakamomona korehau ki te pupuri i te kounga o te huka, engari he maha anō hoki ngā wero whakahaere:
- Ka puta te pahuka i ngā pūmua me ngā matū horoi waikura kua rewa.
- Te pupū ake o te unahi i runga i te mata o te mīhini whakapūkara.
Ngā Whakamahinga Matū:
Ngā Kaiwhakakore Huka: Ngā kaiwhakakore huka i hangaia ki te silicone hei pehi i te pahuka i te pāmahana teitei. Ngā kaiwhakakore huka i hangaia ki te polyether me te waipiro ngako e tika ana mō ngā pūnaha wai hua pahuka-waenga.
Ngā Ārai/Ngā Kaiwhakamarara Tauine: Ārai i te hanganga o te tauine konupūmā kāponāte, te tauine whanariki rānei i roto i te mīhini whakapūhau.
Pānga: Mā te whakahaere pai o te pahuka me te aukati i te unahi ka maeneene te mimiti, ka pai ake te whakawhiti wera, ā, ka iti ake te wā whakatā.
Te whakatioatatanga
Ko te tukanga whakatioata i roto i te hanga huka (e kiia ana i roto i te ahumahi ko te kohua) he taahiraa nui ki te huri i te tirikara huka kukū hei tioata huka totoka. Ka kohuatia te tirikara kukū i roto i te ipu korehau hei tīmata i te whakatioata huka. He mea nui te whakatioata tika mō te hua huka, te rahi tioata, me te tae. He tukanga matatini ā-tinana, ā-matū tēnei i hangaia hei whakahaere i te rahi me te ōritetanga o ngā tioata huka kua whakapūpūtia.
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā mea whakakore pahuka i roto i tēnei tukanga. Ka whakahaere ngā mea whakakore pahuka i te hanganga o te pahuka i te wā e kohuatia ana, kia kore ai e puea te tirikara.
Ka whakanui ake te tioata pumau i te hua huka, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā ngaronga i te wā e hurihia ana.
Te Whakapūngao me te Wehewehenga
I muri i te hanganga o te tioata, ka wehea ngā tioata mai i ngā molasses mā te whakamahi i te centrifuge, kātahi ka whakamarokehia mā roto i ngā paipa wera. Ka taea te tukatuka anō i ngā molasses mō te hanga etanoru, te kai kararehe, me ētahi atu whakamahinga rānei.
Te Whakakore Tae me te Whakamahinga
Ko te tango tae me te whakamahine te wāhanga whakamutunga o te tukanga hanga huka, e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga huka ma kua parakorehia, he tino parakore (pēnei i te huka kirikiri, te huka toka rānei). Me whakamahi i te nui o ngā matū me ngā mea mimiti i tēnei wāhanga.
Ko ngā matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
Waro whakahohe (paura, kirikiri rānei): Ka mimiti i ngā polyphenols, te caramel, me ētahi atu tae.
Ngā kapia tango tae/ngā kapia whakawhiti katote: Tangohia ngā matū tae katote me ngā matū kore-katote.
Te hauwai waikura (H₂O₂): Ka whakawairakau i ngā tae e toe ana, ka whakamārama ake i te tae o te tirikara.
Ngā mea tango tae: Kia iti ngā uara ICUMSA me te kounga tirohanga teitei.
E whakamārama ana ngā kōrero o runga ake nei i ngā tukanga matua me ngā tono matū i roto i te umanga huka.
Whakaaturanga Matū e Pā Ana：
Me pēhea te tukatuka i ngā wai para mai i te umanga huka?
Ka whakaputahia e ngā wheketere huka te wai para i te wā e hangaia ana te huka. He uaua te kounga o tēnei wai para, ā, he nui te parahanga, me tukatuka pūnaha te wai i mua i te tukunga.
Ko te nuinga o ngā wai para i ahu mai i te horoi rauemi mata, te horoi taputapu, te wai para i roto i te tukanga whakaputa huka, te wai whakamatao/wai whakapūkara, me te pupuhi o te poiha. Ko ēnei wai para he tino teitei te COD me te BOD (nā te nui o te huka), he nui te nui o ngā totoka i whakatārewatia, he kaha te pirau, ā, i ētahi wā kei roto te hinu me te paru. Nō reira, he huinga o ngā tukanga—te maimoatanga i mua + te whakapūkara me te whakatōtō + te maimoatanga koiora + te maimoatanga matatau—e whakamahia ana hei maimoatanga i tēnei wai para. Ko ngā tikanga maimoatanga noa ko te maimoatanga ā-tinana (pēnei i te whakapūkara me te tātari), te maimoatanga matū (pēnei i te whakapūkara me te whakakore), me te maimoatanga koiora (pēnei i ngā tukanga paru whakahohe me ngā repo hanga).
He aha ngā matū e hiahiatia ana hei rongoā i ngā wai para mai i te umanga huka?
Ko ngā mahi motuhake me ngā tono matū e whai ake nei:
| Wāhanga Maimoatanga | Kaupapa | Ngā Matū e Manakohia ana | Ngā Mahi Matua |
| 1. Te Horoi Rauemi Mata me te Maimoatanga Tuatahi | Tangohia te onepu, te paru, ngā muka, ngā mea totoka iri | PAC (Porialuminium Chloride) | Te tere o te whakapūmau, te tango i te SS me te pōuri |
| PAM (Polyacrylamide) – Anionic/Koreionic | Te hanganga o te floc, ka whakarei ake i te taunga | ||
| Kaiwhakakore Huka | Ka whakahaere i te pahuka e puta ana i te wā e horoi ana i te kākano me te tango wai | ||
| 2. Te Whakaōrite me te Whakatikatika pH | Whakapūmau i te kounga whai mana, whakatikatikahia te pH mō ngā tukanga o raro | Raima (CaO / Ca(OH)₂) | Ka whakapiki i te pH, ka tango i te mārō wāhanga |
| Te Hauwaiwai Konutai (NaOH) | Te whakatikatika pH tika | ||
| Waikawa Whāriki / Waikawa Hauota | Whakaitihia te pH | ||
| Kaiwhakakore Huka | Ka whakaiti i te pahuka i roto i te peihana whakaōrite | ||
| 3. Te Whakapūmau me te Whakapūmau (Te Whakatakotoranga Tuatahi) | Tangohia ngā totoka i whakatārewatia, ngā korori, te tae; whakaitihia te COD | PAC / PolyDADMAC / Polyamine | Ngā matū whakakōkī matua mō te paru me te tango tae |
| PAM (Anionic) | Ka whakapai ake i te kaha o te floc me te tere o te taunga | ||
| Ngā Āwhina Whakapūmau (hei tauira, te Konupora Silicate) | Ka whakarei ake i te māramatanga me te mahi whakatau | ||
| 4. Maimoatanga Koiora Anaerobic (UASB, EGSB) | Whakaitihia te nui o te uta rauropi (COD, BOD) | Ngā Tāpiri Matūkai (ngā pūtake N me P) | Kia mau tonu te mahi a ngā moroiti me te hauora o te koiora |
| Ngā Kaiwhakatikatika pH | Kia mau tonu te pH tino pai (6.8–7.2) mō ngā huakita anaerobic | ||
| Kaiwhakakore Huka | Ka pehi i te pahuka e pā ana ki te hau koiora | ||
| 5. Maimoatanga Āhuarangi (Paraoa Whakahohe, SBR) | Whakaitihia anō te COD, te BOD, te haukini | Ngā Tāpiri Matūkai (N me P) | Whakaratohia ngā matūkai taurite ki ngā moroiti |
| Kaiwhakakore Huka | Ka whakahaere i te pahuka i te wā e whakapūhau ana | ||
| Ngā whākōkī koiora / Ngā Ahurea moroiti | Whakarei ake i te whai huatanga o te pirau koiora | ||
| 6. Maimoatanga Matatau (Mēnā he paerewa tukunga pakari e pā ana) | Whakapai ake i te māramatanga, tangohia te COD, te SS, te tae toenga | Polyamine / PolyDADMAC | Te tango kaha i te tae me te paru |
| PAC | Te tango atu i te SS me te colloid | ||
| PAM (Taumaha Ngota Teitei) | Te whakapūtanga whakamutunga me te whakakanapa | ||
| Waro Whakahohe | Ka tango i te tae, te kakara, me ngā toenga rauropi | ||
| 7. Te Whakakore i te Mate me te Whakamahi Anō i te Wai | Me whakarite kia haumaru ngā moroiti mō te tukunga atu, te whakamahi anō rānei | Konupūmā Hypochlorite | Te patu huakita kaha |
| Konutai Haikōroiti | Te patu huakita inenga ipurangi noa | ||
| SDIC (Konutai Dichloroisocyanurate) | Tukunga pūmua, pumau hoki | ||
| TCCA (Waikawa Trichloroisocyanuric) | He nui te ihirangi chlorine, he puhoi te tukunga chlorine |
He tukanga ahumahi uaua te hanga huka e hiahia ana kia tino whakahaerehia i ia wāhanga—mai i te whakarite rauemi mata me te wai ki te whakamārama, te mimiti, te whakatio, te whakamahine, me te maimoatanga wai para. He wero motuhake kei ia wāhanga, tae atu ki ngā totoka iri, te tae, te mahi moroiti, te hanganga pahuka, me te hanga unahi. Mā te whakauru i ngā matū e tika ana ki ia wāhanga o te tukanga hanga huka, ka taea e ngā mira huka te whakanui ake i te putanga, te whakapai ake i te kounga tioata, te whakarei ake i te tae, te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga, me te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi. I te wā kotahi, ka whai wāhi ngā otinga matū kua arotau ki te tiaki taiao mā te maimoatanga wai para whai hua ake me te whakaiti i ngā para matū.
Mā te whiriwhiri i te hoa matū tika ka taea e ngā mira huka te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa, te whakarite i te kounga hua pumau, te whakaroa i te roa o te ora o ngā taputapu, me te whakatutuki i te hiranga whakahaere mo te wā roa.