Ngā tukanga maimoatanga wai ahumahi me ngā tono matū
Papamuri
I te tere o te whanaketanga o te ahumahi, kei te kitea haere te hiranga o te maimoatanga wai i roto i ngā momo mahi ahumahi. Ehara i te mea he hononga nui te maimoatanga wai ahumahi hei whakarite i te ahunga whakamua o te tukanga, engari he mahi matua hoki hei whakatutuki i ngā ture taiao me ngā whakaritenga whanaketanga tauwhiro.
Momo Maimoatanga Wai
| Momo maimoatanga wai | Kaupapa matua | Ngā mea maimoatanga matua | Ngā tukanga matua. |
| Te maimoatanga o mua i te wai mata | Te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te wai kāinga, o te wai ahumahi rānei | Wai puna wai taiao | Tātari, whakapūpū, whakapūpū. |
| Te tukatuka wai | Whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga tukanga motuhake | Wai tukanga ahumahi | Te whakangawari, te tango tote, te tango hāora. |
| Te maimoatanga wai whakamatao e rere ana | Me whakarite kia mahi noa ngā taputapu | Te wai whakamatao e rere ana | Te maimoatanga inenga. |
| Te maimoatanga wai para | Tiakina te taiao | Para wai ahumahi | Maimoatanga ā-tinana, matū, koiora. |
| Te maimoatanga wai hangarua | Whakaitihia te kai wai māori | Wai kua whakamahia | He rite ki te maimoatanga wai para. |
Ngā Matū Maimoatanga Wai e Whakamahia Ana
| Kāwai | Ngā matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana | Mahi |
| Kaihoko whakapūkara | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, konumohe whanariki, me ētahi atu. | Tangohia ngā mea totoka me ngā mea rauropi kua whakatārewatia |
| Ngā patu huakita | pērā i te TCCA, SDIC, te ozone, te chlorine dioxide, te Calcium Hypochlorite, me ētahi atu | Ka patu i ngā moroiti i roto i te wai (pērā i te huakita, te huaketo, te harore me te protozoa) |
| Kaiwhakatika pH | Waikawa Aminosulfonic, NaOH, raima, waikawa whanariki, me ētahi atu. | Whakahaerehia te pH o te wai |
| Ngā tango ira whakarewa | EDTA, kapia whakawhiti katote | Tangohia ngā iona konganuku taumaha (pērā i te rino, te parahi, te mata, te cadmium, te mercury, te nickel, me ētahi atu) me ētahi atu iona konganuku kino i roto i te wai. |
| Ārai tauine | Ngā whekau phosphate, ngā waikawa waroporokiriki whekau phosphate | Ārai i te hanganga unahi e ngā katote konupūmā me te konupora. He pānga anō hoki tōna ki te tango i ngā katote konganuku |
| Kaiwhakakore i te paitini | Te konutai whanariki, te hydrazine, me ētahi atu | Tangohia te hāora rewa hei ārai i te waikura o te hāora |
| Kaihoroi | Waikawa haitarika, waikawa whanariki, waikawa aminosulfonic | Tangohia te unahi me ngā poke |
| Ngā waikura | te ozone, te persulfate, te hauwai pūhaumāota, te hauwai peroxide, me ētahi atu | Te patu huakita, te tango i ngā poke me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te wai, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā mea whakangawari | pērā i te raima me te konutai kāponāte. | Ka tango i ngā katote mārō (konupūmā, konupora) ā, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te hanganga unahi |
| Ngā Kaiwhakakore Huka/Ārai-huka | Whakaitihia, whakakorea rānei te pahuka | |
| Te tango | Konupūmā Hypochlorite | tangohia te NH₃-N mai i te wai para kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa tukunga |
Ngā Matū Maimoatanga Wai Ka Taea e Mātou te Tuku:
Ko te maimoatanga wai ahumahi e pā ana ki te tukanga maimoatanga wai ahumahi me ōna wai tukunga mā roto i ngā tikanga ā-tinana, ā-matū, ā-koiora me ētahi atu tikanga. He wāhanga nui o te whakaputanga ahumahi te maimoatanga wai ahumahi, ā, e whakaatuhia ana tōna hiranga i roto i ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
1.1 Whakapūmau i te kounga o te hua
Tangohia ngā poke i roto i te wai pērā i ngā katote konganuku, ngā totoka iri, me ētahi atu hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whakaputa, hei whakarite hoki i te kounga o te hua.
Ārai i te waikura: Ka taea e te hāora rewa, te hauhā waro, me ērā atu mea i roto i te wai te waikura i ngā taputapu whakarewa, ā, ka whakapoto i te roa o te ora o ngā taputapu.
Ngā moroiti whakahaere: Ka taea e ngā huakita, ngā rimurimu me ētahi atu moroiti i roto i te wai te whakapoke i te hua, ka pā ki te kounga me te haumaru o te hua.
1.2 Whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa
Whakaitihia te wā kore mahi: Mā te maimoatanga wai auau ka ārai i te tauine me te waikura o ngā taputapu, ka whakaiti i te auau o te tiaki me te whakakapinga o ngā taputapu, ā, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa.
Arotau i ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga: Mā te maimoatanga wai, ka taea te whiwhi i te kounga wai e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga hei whakarite i te pumau o te tukanga whakaputa.
1.3 Whakaitihia ngā utu whakaputa
Penapena pūngao: Mā te maimoatanga wai, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao o ngā taputapu, ā, ka taea hoki te penapena i ngā utu whakaputa.
Ārai i te tauine: Ka hanga tauine ngā katote mārō pērā i te konupūmā me te konupora i roto i te wai, ka piri ki te mata o te taputapu, ka whakaiti i te pai o te kawe wera.
Whakaroa i te ora o ngā taputapu: Whakaitihia te waikura me te tauine o ngā taputapu, whakaroahia te ora o ngā taputapu, me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahekenga uara o ngā taputapu.
Whakaitihia te whakamahinga rauemi: Mā te maimoatanga wai, ka taea te whakaiti i te para o ngā matū koiora me ngā utu whakaputa.
Te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata: Mā te maimoatanga wai, ka taea te tango i ngā rauemi mata e toe ana i roto i te wai para ka taea te whakamahi anō ki te mahi, ā, ka whakaitihia te para o ngā rauemi mata me ngā utu whakaputa.
1.4 Tiakina te taiao
Whakaitihia ngā tukunga parahanga: I muri i te tukatuka i ngā wai parahanga ahumahi, ka taea te whakaiti i te kukū o ngā tukunga parahanga, ā, ka taea hoki te tiaki i te taiao wai.
Whakatutuki i te hangarua o ngā rauemi wai: Mā te maimoatanga wai, ka taea te hangarua i te wai ahumahi, ā, ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā rauemi wai māori.
1.5 Kia tutuki i ngā ture taiao
Tutuki i ngā paerewa tukunga: Me tutuki i ngā wai para ahumahi ngā paerewa tukunga ā-motu me ā-rohe, ā, he huarahi nui te maimoatanga wai hei whakatutuki i tēnei whāinga.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ehara i te mea ko te kounga o te hua me te whai huatanga o te whakaputanga anake te pānga o te maimoatanga wai ahumahi, engari ko ngā painga ōhanga me te tiaki taiao o ngā umanga. Mā te maimoatanga wai pūtaiao me te tika, ka taea te whakatutuki i te whakamahinga pai o ngā rauemi wai, ā, ka taea hoki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga pumau o te ahumahi.
Ka kapi te maimoatanga wai ahumahi i te whānuitanga o ngā mara, tae atu ki te hiko, te matū, te rongoā, te whakarewa, te kai me te inu, me ētahi atu. Ko te tikanga o te tukanga maimoatanga he mea whakarite kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga kounga wai me ngā paerewa tukunga.
2.1 Ngā Matū me ngā Mātāpono o te Maimoatanga i te Wai Mata (Te Maimoatanga i mua i te Wai Mata)
Ko te maimoatanga wai mata i mua i te maimoatanga wai ahumahi ko te tātari tuatahi, te whakapūmau, te whakapūpū, te whakatō, te whakapūpū, te whakapūpū, te patu huakita, te whakatikatika pH, te tango i ngā katote konganuku me te tātari whakamutunga. Ko ngā matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
Ngā mea whakakōkī me ngā mea whakapūpū: pērā i te PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, te konumohe whanariki, me ētahi atu.
Ngā mea whakangawari: pērā i te raima me te konutai kāponāte.
Ngā patu huakita: pērā i te TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, me ētahi atu.
Ngā kaiwhakatikatika pH: pērā i te waikawa aminosulfonic, te hauwai konutai, te raima, te waikawa whanariki, me ētahi atu.
Ngā tango ira whakarewa EDTA, kapia whakawhiti ira me ētahi atu,
kaitātari unahi: ngā organophosphates, ngā waikawa carboxylic organophosphorus, me ētahi atu.
Ngā mea mimiti: pērā i te waro whakahohe, te alumina whakahohe, me ētahi atu.
Mā te whakakotahitanga me te whakamahinga o ēnei matū ka āwhina i te maimoatanga wai ahumahi ki te tango tika i ngā mea kua tautau, i ngā poke rauropi, i ngā katote konganuku me ngā moroiti i roto i te wai, kia tutuki ai ngā hiahia whakaputa i te kounga o te wai, me te whakaiti i te taumahatanga o ngā maimoatanga e whai ake nei.
2.2 Ngā Matū me ngā Mātāpono o te Tukanga Maimoatanga Wai
Ko te tukanga maimoatanga wai i roto i te maimoatanga wai ahumahi ko te maimoatanga o mua, te whakangawari, te tango i te waikura, te tango i te rino me te konupora, te tango tote, te whakahoromata me te patu huakita. Me whakamahi i ia taahiraa he matū rerekē hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te wai me te whakarite kia mahi noa ngā taputapu ahumahi. Ko ngā matū noa ko:
| Ngā mea whakapūkara me ngā mea whakapūkara: | pērā i te PAC, te PAM, te PDADMAC, ngā polyamine, te konumohe sulfate, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā mea whakangawari: | pērā i te raima me te konutai kāponāte. |
| Ngā patu huakita: | pērā i te TCCA, SDIC, te Calcium Hypochlorite, te ozone, te chlorine dioxide, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā kaiwhakatikatika pH: | pērā i te waikawa aminosulfonic, te hauwai konutai, te raima, te waikawa whanariki, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā tango ira whakarewa: | EDTA, kapia whakawhiti katote |
| Ārai tauine: | ngā organophosphates, ngā waikawa carboxylic organophosphorus, me ētahi atu |
| Ngā mea mimiti: | pērā i te waro whakahohe, te alumina whakahohe, me ētahi atu |
Ka taea e ēnei matū te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia rerekē o te wai tukatuka mā roto i ngā huinga tukanga maimoatanga wai rerekē, te whakarite kia tutuki te kounga o te wai i ngā paerewa whakaputa, te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te kino o ngā taputapu, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa.
2.3 Ngā Matū me ngā Mātāpono o te Maimoatanga Wai Whakamatao e Hurihuri ana
He wāhanga tino nui o te maimoatanga wai whakamātao e rere ana te wai, inā koa i te nuinga o ngā whare ahumahi (pēnei i ngā tipu matū, ngā tipu hiko, ngā tipu maitai, me ētahi atu), e whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā pūnaha wai whakamātao mō ngā taputapu me ngā tukanga whakamātao. Ka ngāwari ngā pūnaha wai whakamātao e rere ana ki te tauine, te waikura, te tipu moroiti me ētahi atu raruraru nā te nui o te wai me te rere pinepine. Nō reira, me whakamahi ngā tikanga maimoatanga wai whai hua hei whakahaere i ēnei raruraru me te whakarite kia pumau te mahi a te pūnaha.
Ko te whāinga o te maimoatanga wai whakamatao e rere ana ko te aukati i te tauine, te waikura me te poke koiora i roto i te pūnaha, me te whakarite i te whai huatanga o te whakamatao. Aroturukihia ngā tawhā matua i roto i te wai whakamatao (pēnei i te pH, te pakeke, te pōuri, te hāora rewa, ngā moroiti, me ētahi atu) me te tātari i ngā raruraru kounga wai mō te maimoatanga kua tohua.
| Ngā mea whakapūkara me ngā mea whakapūkara: | pērā i te PAC, te PAM, te PDADMAC, ngā polyamine, te konumohe sulfate, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā mea whakangawari: | pērā i te raima me te konutai kāponāte. |
| Ngā patu huakita: | pērā i te TCCA, SDIC, te Calcium Hypochlorite, te ozone, te chlorine dioxide, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā kaiwhakatikatika pH: | pērā i te waikawa aminosulfonic, te hauwai konutai, te raima, te waikawa whanariki, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā tango ira whakarewa: | EDTA, kapia whakawhiti katote |
| Ārai tauine: | ngā organophosphates, ngā waikawa carboxylic organophosphorus, me ētahi atu |
| Ngā mea mimiti: | pērā i te waro whakahohe, te alumina whakahohe, me ētahi atu |
Ka āwhina ēnei matū me ngā tikanga maimoatanga ki te ārai i te tauine, te waikura, me te poke o ngā moroiti, ka whakarite kia pumau te mahi a te pūnaha wai whakamatao mō te wā roa, ka whakaiti i te kino o ngā taputapu me te whakapaunga pūngao, ā, ka whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te pūnaha.
2.4 Ngā Matū me ngā Mātāpono o te Maimoatanga Wai Para
Ka taea te wehewehe i te tukanga maimoatanga waipara ahumahi ki ngā wāhanga maha, e ai ki ngā āhuatanga o te waipara me ngā whāinga maimoatanga, tae atu ki te maimoatanga o mua, te whakakore waikawa-pūtake, te tango i ngā mea waro me ngā totoka i whakatārewatia, te maimoatanga waenga me te maimoatanga matatau, te patu huakita me te whakahoromata, te maimoatanga paru me te maimoatanga wai hangarua. Me mahi tahi ngā matū rerekē i ia hononga hei whakarite i te whai huatanga me te tino tika o te tukanga maimoatanga waipara.
E toru ngā tikanga matua mō te maimoatanga wai para ahumahi: te tikanga ā-tinana, te tikanga matū me te tikanga koiora, kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa tukunga me te whakaiti i te parahanga taiao.
Tikanga ā-tinana:te whakapūpū, te tātari, te whakamānu, me ētahi atu
Tikanga matū:te whakaōrite, te redox, te maturuturunga matū.
Tikanga koiora:tikanga paru whakahohe, pūmua koiora membrane (MBR), me ētahi atu
Ko ngā matū noa ko:
| Ngā mea whakapūkara me ngā mea whakapūkara: | pērā i te PAC, te PAM, te PDADMAC, ngā polyamine, te konumohe sulfate, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā mea whakangawari: | pērā i te raima me te konutai kāponāte. |
| Ngā patu huakita: | pērā i te TCCA, SDIC, te Calcium Hypochlorite, te ozone, te chlorine dioxide, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā kaiwhakatikatika pH: | pērā i te waikawa aminosulfonic, te hauwai konutai, te raima, te waikawa whanariki, me ētahi atu. |
| Ngā tango ira whakarewa: | EDTA, kapia whakawhiti katote |
| Ārai tauine: | ngā organophosphates, ngā waikawa carboxylic organophosphorus, me ētahi atu |
| Ngā mea mimiti: | pērā i te waro whakahohe, te alumina whakahohe, me ētahi atu |
Mā te whakamahinga whai hua o ēnei matū, ka taea te tukatuka me te tuku i ngā wai para ahumahi i runga anō i ngā paerewa, tae atu ki te whakamahi anō. Ā, ka āwhina tēnei ki te whakaiti i te parahanga taiao me te whakapaunga rauemi wai.
2.5 Ngā Matū me ngā Mātāpono o te Maimoatanga Wai Hangarua
Ko te maimoatanga wai hangarua e pā ana ki tētahi tikanga whakahaere rauemi wai e whakamahi anō ana i ngā wai para ahumahi i muri i te maimoatanga. Nā te korenga o ngā rauemi wai, he maha ngā mara ahumahi kua whakamahi i ngā tikanga maimoatanga wai hangarua, e kore e whakaora noa i ngā rauemi wai, engari ka whakaiti hoki i te utu o te maimoatanga me te tukunga. Ko te mea nui ki te maimoatanga wai hangarua ko te tango i ngā poke i roto i ngā wai para kia tutuki ai te kounga o te wai i ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamahinga anō, e hiahia ana ki te tika me te hangarau tukatuka teitei.
Ko te tukanga o te tukatuka wai hangarua ko ngā mahi matua e whai ake nei:
Te maimoatanga o mua:tangohia ngā matūriki nunui o ngā poke me te hinu, mā te whakamahi i te PAC, PAM, me ētahi atu.
Te whakatikatika pH:whakarerekētia te pH, ko ngā matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te hauwai konutai, te waikawa whanariki, te hauwai konupūmā, me ētahi atu.
Maimoatanga koiora:te tango i ngā mea rauropi, te tautoko i te pirau o ngā moroiti, te whakamahi i te haukinia pūhaumāota, te konutai dihydrogen phosphate, me ētahi atu.
Te maimoatanga matū:te tango waikura o ngā mea waro me ngā konganuku taumaha, te whakamahi noa i te ozone, te persulfate, te konutai sulfide, me ētahi atu.
Te wehenga o te kiriuhi:Whakamahia te hangarau osmosis whakamuri, te nanofiltration, me te ultrafiltration hei tango i ngā matū rewa me te whakarite i te kounga o te wai.
Te patu huakita:tangohia ngā moroiti, whakamahia te chlorine, te ozone, te calcium hypochlorite, me ētahi atu.
Te aroturuki me te whakatikatika:Me whakarite kei te tutuki te wai e whakamahia anōtia ana i ngā paerewa, ā, whakamahia ngā ture whakahaere me ngā taputapu aroturuki hei whakarerekē.
Ngā Kaiwhakakore Huka:Ka pehi, ka whakakore rānei i te pahuka mā te whakaiti i te kukū o te mata o te wai, me te whakangaro i te pumau o te pahuka. (Ngā āhuatanga whakamahinga o ngā taputapu whakakore pahuka: ngā pūnaha maimoatanga koiora, te maimoatanga wai para matū, te maimoatanga wai para rongoā, te maimoatanga wai para kai, te maimoatanga wai para hanga pepa, me ētahi atu)
Konupūmā hypochlorite:Ka tangohia e rātou ngā poke pēnei i te hauota haukini
Mā te whakamahinga o ēnei tukanga me ngā matū ka whakarite kia tutuki te kounga o te wai para kua tukatukahia ki ngā paerewa whakamahinga anō, ā, ka taea te whakamahi whai hua i roto i ngā mahi ahumahi.
He wāhanga nui te maimoatanga wai ahumahi o te whakaputanga ahumahi hou. Me arotau te whiriwhiri i ngā tukanga me ngā matū kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga tukanga motuhake. Mā te whakamahinga tika o ngā matū ka taea te whakapai ake i te hua o te maimoatanga, engari ka whakaitihia hoki ngā utu me te pānga ki te taiao. I te heke mai, me te whanaketanga o te hangarau me te whakapai ake i ngā whakaritenga tiaki taiao, ka whanake te maimoatanga wai ahumahi ki tētahi huarahi mohio ake, matomato ake hoki.